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Serum uric acid in acute gout

The process of validating biomarkers and identifying affinity reagents such as experimental substrate profiling, phage display, or aptamer selection via systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment is effective but can be labor-intensive, expensive in a lab, and challenging

Moreover, upon LPS stimulation, ATF2 promotes IL-23 secretion in macrophages, which then induces pathogenic Th17 cell expansion in autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis (201)

Eur J Nutr 52(8):18751889 Sabiu S, Garuba T, Sunmonu T, Ajani E, Sulyman A, Nurain I, Balogun A (2015) Indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats: protective roles of Spondias mombin and Ficus exasperata

Serum osteocalcin (OC) is a non-specific collagen secreted by osteoblasts, and its content responds to osteoblast activity, making it a sensitive indicator of bone formation [37]

Alongside such direct interactions, the microbial orchestration of the BA landscapethrough a cascade of enzymatic modifications including deconjugation by bile salt hydrolases (BSH) (113, 114), various epimerizations and oxidations by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) (115), as well as 5-reduction leading to allo-bile acids (Allo-BAs) (116)generates a diverse pool of secondary and modified BAs whose altered structures confer distinct signaling capacities, enabling them to interact with host receptors and profoundly influence the TIME (100), and medications (117), highlighting a complex interplay