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A specific concentration of carvacrol or thymol is observed to cause an increase in membrane fluidity, leakage of essential ions, and limited ATP synthesis in pathogens, which is partly due to the hydrophobic character and may also be attributed to the presence of a hydroxyl group and a system of delocalized electrons in their structures, causing a decrease in the membrane pH gradient and thus interfering with ATP synthesis (Ultee et al., 2002)

Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Carbone F, Cassano S, Greco D, Qian K, Auvinen P, Cal G, Stallone G, Formisano L, La Cava A, Matarese G

Analysis of oxidative stress levels in the prefrontal cortex ELISA analysis revealed that valproic acid (VPA) exposure significantly disrupted oxidative stress homeostasis in the prefrontal cortex of SD rats

Neuroepidemiology 56, 5058

Pathogenic infection characteristics and risk factors for bovine respiratory disease complex based on the detection of lung pathogens in dead cattle in Northeast China

Ho KM, Pavey W